Religion today
Richard
N. Ostling
Associated Press
NEW YORK -
Jehovah's Witnesses are renowned for teaching that Jesus
is not God and that the world as we know it will soon end. But another unusual
belief causes even more entanglements - namely, that God forbids blood
transfusions even when patients' lives are at stake.
The doctrine's importance will be underscored next week as
elders who lead more than 98,000 congregations worldwide recite a new five-page
blood directive from headquarters.
The tightly disciplined sect believes the Bible forbids
transfusions, though specifics have gradually been eased over the years. Raymond
Franz, a defector from the all-powerful Governing Body that sets policies for
the faith, thinks leaders hesitate to go further for fear that total elimination
of the ban would expose the organization to millions of dollars in legal
liability over past medical cases.
The Witnesses have opposed transfusions of whole blood since
1945. A later pronouncement also barred transfusions of blood's "primary
components," meaning red cells, white cells, platelets and plasma.
An announcement in 2000 in the official Watchtower magazine,
however, said that because of ambiguity in the Bible, individuals are free to
decide about therapies using the biological compounds that make up those four
blood components, such as gamma globulin and clotting factors that counteract
hemophilia.
Next week's directive could create confusion about these
compounds, known as blood "fractions."
Without noting the 2000 change, the new directive tells
parents to consider this: "Can any doctor or hospital give complete assurance
that blood or blood fractions will not be used in treatment of a minor ?"
Aside from the new directive, a footnote in the Witnesses'
standard brochure, "How Can Blood Save Your Life?," mentions the 2000 article on
fractions - but then omits its contents.
By coincidence, next week's directive follows some heavy
criticism of the blood transfusion policy from attorney Kerry Louderback-Wood of
Fort Myers, Fla., writing in the Journal of Church and State, published by
Baylor University.
Louderback-Wood, who was raised a Witness but now has no
religious affiliation, accuses her former faith of giving "inaccurate and
possibly dishonest arguments" to believers facing crucial medical
decisions.
Louderback-Wood complains that many Witnesses and physicians
aren't given clear instruction about their faith's blood transfusion policy,
particularly on the subject of fractions.
She's no disinterested bystander. The lawyer says her mother
died from severe anemia in 2004 because local elders didn't realize hemoglobin
is permitted.
Louderback-wood learned that hemoglobin was allowed from the
Web site of Associated Jehovah's Witnesses for Reform on Blood, which was
founded in 1997 by dissenting local elders, eight of whom served on Hospital
Liaison Committees that advise Witnesses and physicians.
The founder of Associated Jehovah's Witnesses, speaking on
condition of anonymity to protect his standing in a faith that does not tolerate
dissent, says liaison committee members know about the revised teachings, but
most Witnesses automatically refuse all forms of blood without consulting the
committees. Physicians are often ill-informed about Witness beliefs, he
says.
Louderback-Wood thinks the faith is subject to legal
liability for misinforming adherents, which to her knowledge is an untested
theory in U.S. courts. Related issues arise in a pending lawsuit in Calgary,
Alberta, however, over the alleged "wrongful death" of teenage leukemia patient
Bethany Hughes.
Witnesses headquarters refused an Associated Press request
to interview an expert on blood beliefs. Instead, General Counsel Philip Brumley
issued a prepared statement rejecting Louderback-Wood's "analysis and
conclusions" in general.
"Any argument challenging the validity of this religious
belief inappropriately trespasses into profoundly theological and doctrinal
matters," Brumley stated.
The Watchtower's 1945 ban said "all worshippers of Jehovah
who seek eternal life in his new world" must obey. Such edicts are regarded as
divine law, since the Governing Body uniquely directs true believers. Violators
risk ostracism by family and friends.
A subsequent Watchtower pronouncement forbade storage of a
patient's own blood for later transfusion. In all, Associated Jehovah's
Witnesses lists 20 shifts and refinements in blood-related rules over the
years.
At the core of their blood beliefs, Witnesses cite Acts
15:29, where Jesus' apostles agreed that Gentile converts should "keep
abstaining from things sacrificed to idols and from blood." The Witnesses also
cite passages in Genesis and Leviticus.
Judaism and Christianity have always understood these
scriptures to ban blood-eating for nourishment. This underlies Judaism's kosher
procedures to extract blood from meat, which Witnesses do not follow.
Christianity eventually decided the rule was temporary.
Experts assume that Raymond Franz's late uncle, Frederick
Franz, who served anonymously as the Witnesses' chief theologian, decided those
passages cover blood transfusions. But Raymond Franz raises questions about the
blood policy in his book "In Search of Christian Freedom." Among them
:
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Why forbid a patient's own stored blood yet permit
components derived from large amounts of donated and stored blood?
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Why allow organ transplants, which introduce far more
foreign white blood cells than transfusions?
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The Witnesses forbid plasma, which is mostly water, but
allow the components in it that provide therapy. So what's the point of banning
plasma ?
Advances in bloodless surgery have reduced medical dangers
for Witnesses in the United States, but Associated Jehovah's Witnesses maintains
the blood policy is a life-threatening problem elsewhere.
Louderback-Wood says she'll be contented if her protest
saves one child's life
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